ROA vs ROV
Also known as: ROA versus ROV, difference between ROA and ROV
A ROA is the signed authorization published by the address holder; ROV is the act of validating routes against ROAs. One is data, the other is the check.
These two RPKI terms are easy to confuse. A ROA (Route Origin Authorization) is a static, signed statement created by whoever holds the address space: 'ASN X may originate this prefix up to length Y.' It lives in the RPKI repositories.
ROV (Route Origin Validation) is the dynamic process a router performs using those ROAs: for each BGP route it decides valid, invalid, or not-found. In short - the address holder creates a ROA once; every router doing ROV consults it continuously.
You need both for RPKI to protect routing: ROAs without anyone doing ROV change nothing, and ROV is only as useful as the ROAs that exist to check against.